COMPUTER NETWORKING KNOWLEDGE
Types of Computer
Network
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
1. Local area network is a group of computers connected with each other in a
small places such as school, hospital, apartment etc.
2. LAN is secure because there is no outside connection with the local area
network thus the data which is shared is safe on the local area network and
can’t be accessed outside.
3. LAN due to their small size are considerably faster, their speed can range
anywhere from 100 to 100Mbps.
4. LANs are not limited to wire connection, there is a new evolution to the
LANs that allows local area network to work on a wireless connection.
2.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
MAN network covers larger area by connections LANs to a larger network of
computers. In Metropolitan area network various Local area networks are connected
with each other through telephone lines. The size of the Metropolitan area
network is larger than LANs and smaller than WANs(wide area networks), a MANs
covers the larger area of a city or town.
3. Wide area
network (WAN)
Wide area network provides long distance transmission of data. The size of the
WAN is larger than LAN and MAN. A WAN can cover country, continent or even a
whole world. Internet connection is an example of WAN. Other examples of WAN
are mobile broadband connections such as 3G, 4G etc
WHAT IS E-MAIL?
Email, short for "electronic mail," is one of the
most widely used features of the Internet, along with the web. It allows you to send and receive
messages to and from anyone with an email address, anywhere in the world.
I. What is the Internet?
The Internet is a global collection of computer networks that are linked together by devices called routers and use a common set of protocols for data transmission known as TCP/IP (transmission control protocol / Internet protocol). The primary purpose of the Internet is to facilitate the sharing of information. There are many different tools used on the Internet to make this possible. Some of the more common tools include email, listservs, newsgroups, telnet, gopher, FTP, and the world wide web. Probably the most popular of all Internet tools is the world wide web.
II. What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?
The WWW is a collection of Internet sites that can be accessed by using a hypertext interface. Hypertext documents on the web contain links to other documents located anywhere on the web. By clicking on a link, you are immediately taken to another file or site to access relevant materials. The interesting thing about Hypertext links is that the links might take you to related material on another computer located anywhere in the world, rather than just to a file on your local hard drive
What Is An Intranet?
An intranet is a website or an
application operating on the company network and which aims at gathering all
the resources of the company in a single place.
In simple terms, you could define
it as a database with a beautiful user interface.
By setting up an intranet for your
company, you are clustering all the assets of your company, and, as a
consequence, you turn your employees toward the same goal: make your company
thrive
What is Intranet?
An Intranet is a private local
network which is structured within an organization or a company. It’s a private
network because no other outsider to that organization can access the intranet.
Only the users (may be employees of the company) of the network are allowed to
connect the LAN with individual network passwords to access the company’s
intranet. It may consist of several LAN’s interlinked with WAN’s.
However, Both the Internet and intranet are
controlled over a communication standard called TCP/IP (transmission control
protocol/Internet protocol) that connects hosts to users over a network
What are browsers in Internet?
A
web browser is a software program that allows a user to
locate, access, and display web pages. ... Browsers are used
primarily for displaying and accessing websites on the internet, as
well as other content created using languages such as Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML) and Extensible Markup Language (XML).
What is the meaning of Google Chrome?
Google
Chrome browser is an open source
program for accessing the World Wide Web and running Web-based applications.
... Google released Chrome in 2008 and issues
several updates a year. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Android
and iOS operating systems.
What is Opera Mini for Android?
Opera
Mini is a mobile web browser
developed by Opera Software AS. It was primarily designed for
the Java ME platform, as a low-end sibling for Opera Mobile,
but it is now developed exclusively for Android and IOS.
what is internet explorer?
Internet Explorer (IE) is a World
Wide Web browser that
comes bundled with the Microsoft Windows operating system (OS). The browser
was deprecated in Windows 10 in favor of Microsoft's new Edge Browser. It
remains a part of the operating system even though it is no longer the default
browser.
Definition - What
does Firefox mean?
Firefox is an open-source Web browser
introduced in 2004 as part of the Mozilla Application Suite. Firefox included
almost all the features offered by other browsers at that time, as well as a
number of new features, including a bookmarks toolbar and tabbed browsing.
Firefox's user interface was also easily customizable with the help of
extensions, such as autofill and stock tracker
What is IP address in computer network?
From
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. An Internet Protocol address (IP
address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer
network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP
address serves two main functions: host or network interface
identification and location addressing
define subnet mask?
A subnet
mask is a number that defines a range of IP addresses available
within a network. A single subnet mask limits the number of
valid IPs for a specific network. Multiple subnet masks can organize a single
network into smaller networks (called subnetworks or subnets). Systems within
the same subnet can communicate directly with each other, while systems on
different subnets must communicate through a router.
What is meant by default gateway?
A default
gateway serves as an access point or IP router that a networked
computer uses to send information to a computer in another network or the
internet. Default simply means that
this gateway is used by default, unless an
application specifies another gateway.
What is a media network?
Network
media is any audio, video, images or
text, used on a computer network, like the Internet. It almost
always requires a computer to send and receive, as well as a community of
people to create and consume the content.
What is called topology?
Topology is the mathematical study of the properties that are
preserved through deformations, twistings, and stretchings of objects. ... A
circle is topologically equivalent to an ellipse (into which it can be deformed
by stretching) and a sphere is equivalent to an ellipsoid.
What is protocol explain it?
A
network protocol defines rules and conventions for
communication between network devices. Network protocols include
mechanisms for devices to identify and make connections with each other, as
well as formatting rules that specify how data is packaged into sent and
received messages
Definition - What does Microsoft Network (MSN) mean?
The Microsoft Network (MSN) is a
collection of Web applications and online content services. MSN offers free
downloads of various software and suites, blog hosting to share experiences and
discuss issues, tips and tricks regarding the use of apps, and legal
information about various software. Moreover, the website offers
"Community Services" consisting of newsgroups, forums, and chat
Definition - What does Dial-Up Networking (DUN) mean?
Dial-Up Networking (DUN) is a utility
in Windows 95 and Windows 98 that enables the user’s system to connect to a
network through a modem. Dial-Up Networking was useful in days when LAN was not
common and connecting to the Internet was via configuration of Dial-Up
Networking to dial into a point of presence (POP) and connect to an Internet
service provider (ISP)
BASIC COMPUTER REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE
What is computer maintenance and
repair?
Computer
repair is the process of identifying,
troubleshooting and resolving problems and issues in a faulty computer. Computer
repair is a broad field encompassing many tools, techniques and
procedures used to repair computer hardware, software or
network/Internet problems. Computer repair is also known as
PC repair
What is meant by troubleshooting in computer?
Troubleshooting is the process or identifying and fixing problems. Computer
troubleshooting may involve hardware or software and can sometimes
involve both at the same time. The basic process of troubleshooting is
to check the most general possible problems first, and then
gradually check for more specific problems
What are the six steps of troubleshooting process?
The
six steps are:
1.
Identify the problem.
2.
Establish a theory of probable
cause.
3.
Test the theory to determine cause.
4.
Establish a plan of action to
resolve the problem and implement the solution.
5.
Verify full system functionality and
if applicable implement preventative measures.
6.
Document findings, actions, and
outcomes
What
is a Peripheral Device?
A peripheral device, also sometimes
called an auxiliary device, is any connected device, internal or external, that
provides a computer with additional functionality.
Peripheral devices fall into three
main categories:
·
Input devices, which send data to
the computer.
·
Output devices, which receive data
from the computer.
·
Input/output devices, such as
storage devices.
10
Examples of Peripheral Devices
1.
Mouse
2.
Keyboard
3.
Webcam
4.
Microphone
5.
Monitor
6.
Speakers
7.
Projector
8.
Printer
9.
USB Flash Drive
Managing
Local and Network Print Devices
You manage
print devices in Windows XP Professional from the Printers And Faxes folder,
which is accessible from the Control Panel, or by clicking Start|Printers And
Faxes. When working with printing in Windows XP, you need to fully understand
the following printing terminology as defined by Microsoft:
·
Printer—A
software interface between the operating system and a print device. It defines
ports through which print jobs get routed. Printer names direct print jobs to
one or more print devices.
·
Print
device—A piece of equipment (hardware) that physically produces printed
documents. A print device may be attached to a local computer or connected via
a network interface.
·
Printer
port—A software interface through which print jobs get directed to either a
locally attached print device, or a network-connected print device. Windows XP
supports local line printer terminal (LPT), COM (serial), and Universal Serial
Bus (USB) ports. It also supports network-connected printer port devices such
as the Intel NetPort and the Hewlett-Packard (HP) JetDirect.
·
Print
server—A computer that serves as the host for printers that are associated with
print devices.
·
Printer
driver—Software specific to each print device (designed to run in Windows XP)
that translates printing commands into printer language codes for each print
device. PCL5 and PostScript are examples of two types of printer languages.
·
Print
job—The actual document to be printed along with the necessary print processing
command.
·
Print
resolution—What determines the quality and smoothness of the text or images
that the print device will render. This specification is expressed in dots per
inch (dpi). Higher dpi numbers generally result in better print quality.
·
Print
spooler—The process (service) that runs in the background of Windows XP that
initiates, processes, and distributes print jobs. The spooler saves print jobs
into a temporary physical file on disk. Print jobs are then despooled and
transferred to the appropriate print device.
·
Print
queue—A logical "waiting area" where print jobs are temporarily
stored until the print device is available and ready to process each job
according to the job's priority level, and according to its order within the
queue.
·
what
is computer storage ?
·
Computer
data storage, often
called storage or memory, is a technology
consisting of computer components and recording
media that are
used to retain digital data. It is a core function and fundamental component of
computers.[1]:15–16
·
The central
processing unit (CPU)
of a computer is what manipulates data by performing computations. In practice,
almost all computers use a storage hierarchy,[1]:468–473 which puts fast but expensive
and small storage options close to the CPU and slower but larger and cheaper
options farther away. Generally the fast volatile technologies (which lose data
when off power) are referred to as "memory", while slower persistent
technologies are referred to as "storage
·
·
What are the storage device of a computer?
·
There are two types of storage
devices used with computers: a primary storage
device, such as RAM, and a secondary storage device, such as a
hard drive. Secondary storage can be removable, internal, or
external
·
Definition
and Types of Storage Devices
·
hard drive.
·
CD-ROM.
·
DVD-ROM.
·
flash media.
·
"thumb" drive.
·
memory stick.
·
iPOD ,. digital camera
·
What is Ethernet networking?
·
Ethernet is the traditional technology for connecting wired
local area networks (LANs), enabling devices to communicate
with each other via a protocol -- a set of rules or common network language.
... An Ethernet cable is the physical, encased wiring over
which the data travels.
What is Ethernet and where it is
used?
Ethernet is a way of connecting computers together in a local
area network or LAN. It has been the most widely used method
of linking computers together in LANs since the 1990s. The basic idea of its
design is that multiple computers have access to it and can send data at any
time.
Ethernet vs. WiFi
Because Ethernet uses cables,
it tends to work slightly faster than a wireless connection.
Wireless connections are a bit slower, but provide the convenience of using it
within range. ... Thus, the choice lies between speed and convenienceWhat is
MAC and IP address?
MAC
and IP are the addresses that
uniquely defines a device and a connection in a network. A MAC address is
a number assigned to the NIC card by the manufacturer. IP address is
a number assigned to the connection in a network.
What is an example of a MAC address?
For
this reason, the MAC address is sometimes referred to as a
networking hardware address, the burned-in address (BIA),
or the physical address. Here's an example of a MAC address for
an Ethernet NIC: 00:0a:95:9d:68:16. ... The MAC address is a
string of usually six sets of two-digits or characters, separated by colons.
a IP
address is easier than routing it to a MAC address.
what is ping?
Ping is a basic Internet program
that allows a user to verify that a particular IP
address exists and can accept requests
What is a Ping used for?
The ping command
is usually used as a simple way to verify that a computer can
communicate over the network with another computer or network device. The ping command
operates by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request
messages to the destination computer and waiting for a response.
How do you set up language?
Change
language
1.
Open your Google Account. You might
need to sign in.
2.
Click Data & personalization.
3.
Scroll down to the General
preferences for the web panel.
4.
Click Language.
5.
Select Edit .
6.
Choose your language from the
dropdown box, and click Select.
7.
If you understand multiple
languages, select Add another language.
How do I make my facebook in
English?
To
set your language, go to the bottom of any page on Facebook and
click the current language in the right corner. You can then select your
language from the menu that appears. 1. At the top right of Facebook Select
setting.
Power management is
a feature of some electrical appliances, especially copiers, computers, CPUs,
GPUs and computer peripherals such as monitors and printers, that turns off
the power or switches the system to a low-power state
when inactive..
How does power IC work?
Power Management IC is a power IC,
that manage,control and distribute and Supply Power voltages
from the battery source to other corresponding circuits or chips. It is highly
designed to convert,regulate, stabilize current and voltages that flow across
unto it
What is the role of power management
unit in a mobile system?
The Power
Management Unit (PMU) is a microcontroller that governs power
functions of digital platforms. ... For portable computers, the PMU is
responsible for coordinating many functions, including:
Monitoring power connections and battery charges. Charging
batteries when necessary.
How does power management system
work?
Power
management system. On marine vessels the Power
Management System PMS is in charge of controlling the electrical system.
Its task is to make sure that the electrical system is safe
and efficient. If the power consumption is larger than
the power production capacity, load shedding is used to avoid
blackout.
MULTIMEDIA-2
How do I manage audio devices in
Windows 10?
Press Windows Key
+ X and click Device Manager. Then expand Sound > video and
game controller. Select your audio device, right-click it and
Uninstall. Restart your computer and let Windows redetect it.
How do I change my sound settings?
To
adjust your sound settings:
1.
Press menu, and then select Apps
& More > Settings > Sound.
2.
Navigate to the setting you want to
change, and press ok. The options for that setting appear.
3.
Scroll up and down the list to
select the desired option, and then press ok to set it.
*manage
audio divices shortcuts*
Easily
switch audio devices on Windows
1.
To switch Playback devices,
left-click the Audio Switch icon in the system tray and select
it from the list. ...
2.
To switch Recording devices,
hold Ctrl and left-click the Audio Switch icon.
3.
To hide specific audio
devices from the list, right-click the icon > Settings > Devices.
How to Record a Video of Your Screen on Android
If you have been looking for a video screen recorder for Android, you have come to the right place. In this post we will examine the best options to create a video recording of your screen, without rooting your device.
How do I video record on my laptop?
Record the Video on Your Laptop
Click
on the "Record" menu and then click on the "Record"
button on the top of main interface. Open the video you want
to record, and then click on the "Rec" option to
start recording. To stop the recording, click on the
"Stop" icon.
How is audio recorded on film?
Sound-on-film is
a class of sound film processes where the sound accompanying a
picture is recorded onto photographic film,
usually, but not always, the same strip of film carrying the
picture. ... Earlier technologies were sound-on-disc, meaning the film's soundtrack
would be on a separate phonograph record.
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